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Experimental

Cardiac Cells | size ~10x100 microns

Ventricular Cell — Contracting Ventricular Cell
© Kornreich & Fenton

Ventricular Cell — Contracting Ventricular Cell
© Kornreich & Fenton

Ventricular Cell — Contracting Ventricular Cell
© Kornreich & Fenton

Cardiac Cells | calcium imaging

Intracellular calcium waves shown using flou-4 dye and confocal microscopy

Calcium Wave — Propagating calcium wave producing the contraction of ventricular cell.
© Lee & Fenton

Calcium Wave — Propagating calcium wave producing the contraction of ventricular cell.
© Lee & Fenton

Calcium Wave — Propagating calcium wave from various sites.
© Lee & Fenton

Calcium Wave — Propagating calcium wave from one site
© Lee & Fenton

Calcium Wave — Propagating calcium waves
© Lee & Fenton

Calcium Sparks — Multiple calcium sparks
© Lee & Fenton

Optical Mapping | Tissue

Voltage in the tissue is displayed as a function of color using di4-ANEPPS voltage dye and high speed cameras

Optical Mapping — Propagating wave from a point stimulus
© Fenton & Luther

Optical Mapping — Spiral wave (reentry) of electrical activity
© Fenton & Luther

Optical Mapping — Spiral wave (reentry) of electrical activity
© Fenton & Luther

Optical Mapping — Spiral wave breakup
© Fenton & Luther

Optical Mapping — Spiral wave breakup more complex activity.
© Fenton & Luther